Archaeological Discoveries - Humanity's Origins

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This is a very informal special based upon the archaeological finding s of recent times on the origins of mankind. This is one very extraordinary broadcast hosted by Mr. Charlton Heston. This program was brought to the public's eyes by the Emmy Award winning creators of "The Mystery of the Sphinx". We will be thrust forth into the World of the greatest question all of humanity has pondered about for centuries, Where did we come from and how were we created? The teachings of modern evolutionary theories and the rise of humanity will be challenged within this video series. Scientific investigators present a large array of new evidence which the academic community has quietly and swiftly ignored, Did we evolve from the ape? That is simply one example of what will be discussed in this very eye opening documentary. Human bones and fossils have been discovered that predate the dinosaurs. It is now known and proven in this documentary that the bones found completely dismantle the theory of evolution and they are older than what the theory itself allows. Did humans live at the exact time of the dinosaurs? Well it is now known and shown in this incredible video that human footprints have been discovered next to footprintsa of the dinosaurs that date back to over 100 million years ago. Is it possible that the lost city of Atlantis be buried under miles of ice? Ancient maps with hidden clues about the great civilization of Atlantis may hold the key to solving its great mystery. A city that was once a metropolis in the ancient times has been discovered in the Bolivian Andes region and it has been dated approxiamtely to 15,000 B.C. This proof can change the evolutionary theory to absolutely nothing. It can transform all of the textbooks we have in our schools to what we truly must be learning about our orgins and how we came to existence on this beautiful planet. Please go out and do your own research if you do not believe any concept or theory discussed within this wonderful documentary. Knowledge is power and for all of our sakes we must learn the truth about all of the hidden secrets about our existence as well as what is truly going on on this planet and elsewhere in the galaxy. THE TRUTH WILL SET US ALL FREE! Thank you all for watching.

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COAST TO COAST: Egyptian Mysteries

Prof. Carmen Boulter discussed the history and mysteries of ancient Egypt, what's being hidden and what's being revealed. She was recently in Egypt for a press conference about the DNA results of King Tut's mummy, and found the announcement that the young pharaoh had various medical maladies to be slanted and contradictory to her "psychic archeology" view that the leaders from the 18th Dynasty were highly conscious and healthy beings.
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Through The Wormhole with Morgan Freeman:How Did We Get Here

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Everywhere we look, life exists in both the most hospitable of environments and in the most extreme. Yet we have only ever found life on our planet. How did the stuff of stars come together to create life as we know it? What do we really mean by ‘life’? And will unlocking this mystery help us find life elsewhere?

About 4.6 billion years ago, our solar system resembled a giant cloud of swirling cosmic dust, hydrogen and other gases. As with the thousands of other such clouds in our galaxy, some of these molecules began condensing, gathering and creating their own gravity.

Eventually these small clumps formed what became our sun — a star surrounded by a quickly moving, flat disc made up of the cloud’s leftovers. These leftovers also developed into our solar system’s planets, asteroid belt and other interstellar bodies.

Earth’s relative proximity to the sun meant that gases were largely burned away in those early days, leaving a rocky, metal-rich planet made from planetesimals, or smaller cosmic bodies. These same planetesimals also may have brought water and gases later. Often made of ice, they helped to plant the seeds for what would become a fertile, water-rich planet with a healthy atmosphere, capable of protecting life from the sun’s harmful rays.

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'Conan the Bacterium' could have been the origin of life on Earth

Melbourne, July 19 : Brazilian scientists have suggested that organisms like a microbe dubbed 'Conan the Bacterium' could have been the origin of life on Earth, after they found that it could withstand space travel.
Researchers subjected the bug, Deinococcus radiodurans, to powerful radiation, freezing temperatures and a vacuum chamber, all designed to simulate conditions found on meteorites and other rocks in space.

Such conditions would instantly destroy almost any known organism, but the D. radiodurans colonies could not only survive but could even regenerate when conditions returned to normal.

Researchers suggested such powers make the bug, or a similar organism, a potential candidate for spreading life between planets in the early days of the solar system, reports news.com.au.

D. radiodurans, which has a red, spherical shape, was discovered five decades ago after a can of corned beef went rotten despite having been sterilised by radiation.

However, it is only now that the durability of the microbe has only been realised.

The most likely explanation for the germ''s toughness is that each bug possesses four to 10 copies of its genome, rather than the usual single version.

It also has a highly efficient repair system, so even if the DNA is ripped apart by radiation, bits can easily be spliced together again. 

Ok, I know everyone has been waiting eagerly to hear all about a certain radiation-resistant bacterium. Don’t worry, there is no need to hold your breath any longer. Here is everything you wanted to know and more, plus some nice pin-ups:

 

Conan the Bacterium: The Ancient Microscopic Hero

 (aka Deinococcus radiodurans)

By Karmen Lee Franklin

Was Mother Nature ready for the A-bomb? Nature is filled with built in checks and balances; all parts of the ecosystem are involved with one another with intricate detail. Typically, if something is available, something will eat it; but what could eat radioactive waste? In 1956, researchers in Corvallis, Oregon were sterilizing canned meat with gamma radiation, when something unusual happened: the food spoiled. A.W. Anderson, leading the study at the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, was surprised. What sort of organism could survive high doses of radiation and keep on snacking? Upon closer inspection, he found a cluster of odd, thick-celled bacteria, which he called Micrococcus radiodurans. The name was later changed to Deinococcus radiodurans, but the organism had already earned a nickname: Conan the Bacterium.

Since its discovery in the 1950s, D. radiodurans has been studied with great detail. In the 1960s, scientists isolated the mechanisms for repairing mutations in the bacterium’s DNA. It was also found to exhibit a unique cell wall structure, much like archaeabacteria, but remained classified in the kingdom of bacteria. Later, researchers charted the entire genome, enabling specific classification and close comparison with other bacteria. They discovered close cousins of D. radiodurans living in the oddest places, from hot springs to animal feces to the human stomach.
No one ever quite expected to find a bacteria that thrives on radioactive waste, especially since there hasn’t been much waste on the planet until very recently (within the last century.) On the other hand, life has been present on earth—and perhaps prepared for radioactive conditions—for at least the past 4 billion years. The latest studies suggest that all life shares a common ancestor, a thick-walled bacterium, able to withstand the harsh atmosphere and high temperatures of the early earth (Ciccarelli, et al., 1284.) D. radiodurans is not too far removed from this original ancestor, and so it is highly likely that it evolved billions of years ago, when extreme climates were the norm. Of course, the climate of Earth has settled considerably since. So, where has Conan the Bacterium been hiding out all this time?
 

Structure of the D. radiodurans Cell

First, it is necessary to understand the structure and abilities of D. radiodurans before identifying its ideal home. The name Deinococcus radiodurans means “strange berry that withstands radiation” (Lottman.)  Indeed, the bacterium looks a bit like a berry, round, with a reddish hue. It grows in clusters of two to four cells, depending on its stage in the reproductive process. The non-pathogenic, non-spore-forming, D. radiodurans is considered to be an obligate aerobic organism, meaning that it lives in a specific niche where oxygen is present. While the bacterium expresses these rather run-of-the-mill features, it displays some rather unusual ones as well, notably, the unique structure of the cell envelope. As Kira Makarova and colleagues describe:

 “the cell envelope of D. radiodurans is unusual in terms of its structure and composition. Although the cell envelope of D. radiodurans is reminiscent of the cell walls of gram-negative organisms, Deinococcus often stains gram positive; this may result from the inability of its thick peptidoglycan layer to decolorize” (Makarova, et al. 45.)

Most bacteria are easily classified as either Gram-positive, containing a thick cell wall of peptidoglycan which stains purple after treatment, or Gram-negative, lacking the cell wall and staining pink. Not only does the cell wall of D. radiodurans manage to stain either way, but it also exhibits a variety of unusual layers. The inner layer of the cellular envelope is the plasma membrane common to all cells. (See layers 1 and 2 below.)  The lipids of the plasma membrane are atypical, containing unique fatty acids. Unlike phosphoglycolipids in other organisms, these lipids contain alkylamines.

Atop the plasma membrane is the typical peptidoglycan layer, (3) riddled with perforations, and so dubbed “the holey layer.” No significant purpose for these holes has been identified. The next layer is unique as well, containing a fine matrix of tiny compartments (4). Above the compartmentalized layer is another plasma membrane (5) (with a similar unusual composition as the inner plasma layer,) topped with an electrolucent zone.  The sixth identified layer (6) is known as the S-layer, consisting of tightly-packed hexagonal proteins. Above this, some strains of D. radiodurans contain an extra layer, (7) consisting of densely packed carbohydrates (Makarova, et al. 45-46.)
 

D. radiodurans Metabolism

In most ways, D. radiodurans metabolizes in a similar manner to all bacteria. It is an obligatory heterotroph, taking sustenance from just about anything it can get. In this manner, D. radiodurans acts like well-known bacteria, such as Escherichia coli or Mycobacterium tuberculosis. On the other hand, D. radiodurans contains a particular vacuolar type of proton ATP synthase, which is more typical of archaea and eukaryotes than bacteria. Makarova explains:

“….Unlike most other free-living bacteria, it uses the vacuolar type of proton ATP synthase instead of the F1F0 type. Vacuolar (V)-type H1-ATPase is typical of eukaryotes and archaea; all archaea have a conserved operon that consists of eight genes encoding the ATPase subunits. This operon is partially conserved (with some of the subunits missing) in a minority of characterized bacteria, where it replaces the F1F0 ATPase, e.g., in Deinococcus, Thermus, spirochetes, chlamydiae, and Enterococcus. The scattered distribution of the VATPase operon among bacteria, in contrast to its conservation in archaea, suggests that this operon has been disseminated in the bacterial world by horizontal transfer.” (Makarova, et al. 48.)

D. radiodurans depends on a steady metabolism in order to survive chronic irradiation. As one study described, “Under nutrient-limiting conditions during chronic irradiation, DNA repair was found to be limited by the metabolic capabilities of the organism and not by any nutritionally induced defect in genetic repair.” According to the authors of the study, this supports the hypothesis that “there are several defects in its metabolic pathways.” (Venkateswaran, et al. 2621.)
 

Reproduction of D. radiodurans

When a D. radiodurans cell divides, only the cytoplasmic membrane and the peptidoglycan layer are used. The other layers form on the surface as the daughter cell grows. During the early stages of reproduction, D. radiodurans is found in pairs, two connected cells known as diplococci. Later, as the cells undergo mitosis, they remain in clusters of four cells, known as tetracocci. Within these clusters of cells, D. radiodurans keeps four to eight extra copies of its genome. Within one tetracocci, there are 16 to 32 copies of the genome (Daly 20.) This redundancy accounts for some of the survival abilities of the bacterium in the face of radiation, but not all. Not only does the organism maintain extra copies of its genome, it also contains other unusual repair mechanisms, in order to keep the genome consistent.

 

Radiation Resistance

Typically, when a living cell is exposed to radiation, point mutations within the DNA are likely to occur. A small dose of radiation can cause an amino acid to be mistaken for another, so when the cell is copied, something turns out slightly different. This is typically bad for the organism, as most mistakes result in death. For instance, a small dose of radiation 5 Gy (a Gy, named for Harold Gray, is the standard unit of radiation that can be absorbed) is enough to kill a human being. 1,000 Gy will render an entire culture of Escherichia coli sterile in moments. D. radiodurans, on the other hand, manages to withstand doses of radiation up to 10,000 Gy! It can also stand constant doses of radiation, up to 60 Gy in an hour (Daly 20.)
How does it survive? Robyn Seipp of the University of British Columbia explored the question, “does this bug wear a lead vest, or what?” (Seipp, 57.) While the unusual layering of D. radiodurans may well constitute a lead vest, the endurance of the organism may be credited to proteins responsible for repairing errors in DNA. All bacteria contain a protein called RecA (eukaryotes carry a similar protein) responsible for nucleotide repair. This protein uses an undamaged copy of the DNA strand from another section or another chromosome to replace the damaged section. Since D. radiodurans contains extra copies of its DNA, it may be easier for RecA to find replacement copies. This protein alone does not explain the resistance of D. radiodurans; other bacteria given the D. radiodurans’ version of RecA do not display resistance (Seipp 57-59.)
It is likely that a combination of special proteins give the bacterium its hardiness. The genome of D. radiodurans was recently sequenced, and more than a dozen unique proteins have been identified (Makarova, et al. 67.)  It has also been suggested that the bacteria is capable of preventing DNA degradation, and has an efficient habit of expelling damaged bases from the nucleoid region (Seipp 58.)
A variety of proteins have been shown to act in response to stress; D. radiodurans nearly has them all. (Click figure 4 for a more intensive description.) Many proteins deal with general stress, increasing or decreasing metabolic production as necessary, while others fit more specific needs. Several proteins specifically manage high temperatures, working as “molecular chaperones,” while others repair damage from extreme cold. Some proteins regulate the organism in the face of starvation, preventing growth if the food sources run low. Proteins help D. radiodurans keep shape, regulating osmosis and the uptake of potassium. One protein deals with alkaline shock, another with acids, while still others defend against oxidative stress. A few proteins (including one only previous found in the plant kingdom, in Craterostigma plantagineum) prevent desiccation. Other proteins protect D. radiodurans in the presence of antibiotic drugs, phages, and of course, radioactive toxins (Makarova, et al. 55-58.)
With such a diverse soup of protective proteins, redundancies in the genome, and a virtual “lead vest,” D. radiodurans is one of the hardiest organisms around. However it manages to do it, Conan the Bacterium has no trouble remaining consistent in extreme environments, such as in the presence of high doses of radiation. While there is no shortage of explanations for such toughness, discovering how D. radiodurans came to be presents many difficulties.
 

Finding the Origins of D. radiodurans

Since the first experiments with nuclear fission in the 1930s, quite a bit of nuclear waste has accumulated. As a result, there are now many environments where D. radiodurans may thrive. Before this time, however, radioactive materials were relatively rare. So where was Conan hanging out in the meantime? A few Russian scientists suggested in 2002 that it may have evolved on Mars, where it would have faced higher levels of cosmic radiation (Clark, 1.) Even further out in the Solar System, potential signs of D. radiodurans have been found.
Galileo’s Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer captured a false-color image of Jupiter’s moon, Europa, (figure 6) revealing an unusual spectrum. Some have speculated that the discoloration is caused by something like Conan the Bacterium. “Though speculative, it is conceivable that explosions of icy slush or melt-throughs ferried extremophile organisms to Europa’s surface, where they stained the ice,” wrote Kristin Leutwyler in her book, The Moons of Jupiter (Leutwyler 126.)
NASA scientists ran experiments to test this hypothesis. “Brad Dalton of the NASA Ames Research Center imposed Europa-like conditions on acid-loving Sufolobus shibate and Deinococcus radiodurans, the most radiation-resistant organism known. Both species happen to be pink and brown in color, not unlike the hues on Europa.” Dalton discovered both similarities and differences. “[The organisms] produced spectra that shared certain features with the Europan plots. Some of the spectral bands that didn’t match corresponded to amine bonds, which would disintegrate were the bacteria subjected to radiation levels like those on the moon.” Since D. radiodurans is tough, but not that tough, it is most likely that it evolved locally, rather than in some extraterrestrial location.
Some suggest that the bacterium evolved its repair mechanisms in response to conditions other than radioactivity, including Kira S. Makarova and her colleagues. “Notwithstanding a few natural fission reactors like those that gave rise to the Oklo uranium deposits 2 billion years ago, the radiation levels in the Earth’s surface environments have provided only about 0.05 to 20 rads/year over the last 4 billion years,” she writes. “DNA damage is readily inflicted on organisms by a variety of other common physicochemical agents… or nonstatic environments… and it seems more likely that radiation resistance evolved in response to chronic exposure to nonradioactive forms of DNA damage” (Makarova, et al. 44.)
If the necessary conditions are so ubiquitous, then why should D. radiodurans exclusively have these abilities? Just because the overall levels of natural radiation on Earth are relatively low doesn’t mean there are not pockets of higher levels of radiation scattered about. Some hot springs dissolve uranium or radium within the earth, bringing the unstable isotopes to the surface. The hot springs of Ramsar, Iran, for instance, contains levels of radium which give off doses of radiation ranging up to 260 Gy (Mortazavi 1.) Could Conan have been hiding there?
Petrified forests and fossil beds can also contain high levels of radiation. If located by any natural outcropping of uranium (as are the famed dinosaur fossils of the Morrison formation) the remains will naturally “soak up” the radiation over time. The amount of radiation acquired is high enough that many museums use special storage for certain fossils and collections of petrified wood (Frame, 1.) While these forests and bones have been considered “dead” for centuries, perhaps they have been home to members of the Deinococcus family.
 

A Deinococcal Family Tree

Relatives of D. radiodurans have been found in strange places already. Some were found in animal feces, like Deinococcus proteolyticus, found in the feces of a Llama-like pack animal, or D. grandis in the feces of an elephant. A few, Deinococcus geothermalis and Deinococcus murrayi were discovered in Mediterranean hot springs. Still others have been found in the flesh of haddock (Deinococcus radiopugnans) and Bombay duck (Deinococcus radiophilus.) A strain of D. radiodurans was even found in the ventilation system of a hospital in Ontario. These organisms all fall under the genus Deinococcus, in the order of Deinococcales, in the Deinococcus-Thermus phylum of the kingdom of bacteria (Makarova, et al. 45.)

The Deinococcales are closely related to the thermophiles. Similarities between the two groups may represent the transition between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Members of the two groups share a variety of proteins, specific to the Deinococcus-Thermus group, including the special S-layer protein. Other features are shared with members of the archaeal and eukaryotic kingdoms (Makarova, et al. 72-74.)
While many of the proteins found in the Deinococcus family are homologous to others, many are distinct. At least 24% of the D. radiodurans genome is particular to the species. In addition to producing the unique cellular envelope and specific types of DNA polymerase (used in repair jobs,) there are several repeating sections of unused code (small noncoding repeats, or SNRs.) These SNRs, which fall in “complex mosaic patterns,” help to make D. radiodurans unique (Makarova, et al. 71.)
The similarities in D. radiodurans to Archaea and Eukaryotes indicate that the bacterium may have played an important role in evolution, through horizontal gene transfer. It is theorized that some obligate bacteria pass genetic information to and from its host, sharing useful bits of DNA that allow either organism to adapt. This theory describes sort of a co-evolution of species, a phylogenic tree with many interwoven branches. Does D. radiodurans have a special place in this tree, sharing stress responses with various species over time? Maybe Conan has been hiding closer to home.
It was once thought that no living thing could withstand the harsh acidic environment of the human stomach. This myth was dispelled with the discovery of Helicobacter pylori, bacteria thought to cause ulcers. Realizing that the belly could be a previously unexplored ecosystem, they took a closer look and found a wealth of bacteria. A number of the organisms which were discovered living in the stomach were unusual to the researchers.
“Ten percent of the phylotypes found in this study were previously uncharacterized…. Because little is known about their closest relatives, the biological and clinical significance of these putative organisms is unclear.”  Elisabeth M. Bik and her team were surprised to find Conan’s cousin, above all the other microbes, living among thermophiles and fusobacterium and the now-popularized H. pylori. “Of the previously uncharacterized phylotypes found in this study, the sequence belonging to the Deinococcus -Thermus phylum is particularly interesting…. To our knowledge, this Deinococcus-related sequence is the first identified from a human.” (Bik, et al. 736.) The organism, for the time being known as GMC-T94, most closely resembled Deinococcus indicus, which has been found in water naturally contaminated with arsenic.
Perhaps Conan the Bacterium (or a close relative) has been living inside of us from the beginning, helping us adapt to stressful conditions. It might seem especially appropriate then, that D. radiodurans is being engineered to help tackle some of humanity’s largest messes.
 

 Usefulness of D. radiodurans

 In 1999, Hassan Brim and others explored the potential of engineering D. radiodurans to clean toxic waste. By adding a gene isolated from E. coli known to provide resistance to high levels of mercury to the D. radiodurans genome, they were able to make Conan the Bacterium even beefier. By combining the radioactive resistance of D. radiodurans with the ability to process heavy metals, they created a powerful tool for the processing of toxic waste. Their goal was to create a strain of D. radiodurans that could both “confer resistance to the most common metallic waste constituents” and “transform those metals to less toxic and less soluble chemical forms.” (Brim, et al. 85.)
The experiment was quite successful, as the modified bacteria thrived in a radioactive, mercury-rich environment. Brim commented, “This remarkable genome plasticity shows that D. radiodurans is able to maintain, replicate, and express extremely large segments of foreign DNA, and that it will probably be able to accommodate the large number of gene cassettes required for bioremediation of complex waste mixtures.” In other words, if Conan the Bacterium is put to work, he does the job.
Where is Conan the Bacterium going from here? With nuclear power and weapons disposal, we are creating new habitats in which it can flourish. Is diversity in these habitats possible—or does the unique system of DNA repair indicate that it is unlikely to evolve? Perhaps, it was, until we came along to give it a job or two. We still have much to learn about the potentials and abilities of D. radiodurans. Whether it comes to the natural disposal of radioactive waste, or the simple adaptation to stress, Conan the Bacterium, is truly our ancient hero in microscopic form.


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NGC Presents / Extraterrestrial planet

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Project "Camelot" interviews Bob Dean: the Coming of Nibiru

Robert Orel Dean (born 1929), also known as Bob Dean, is a retired Command Sergeant Major in the US Army, who became notable in UFOlogy circles after he claimed to have viewed "Cosmic Top Secret" documents detailing alien activity on Earth. He now lectures in ufology around the world and has been described as 'an elder statesman of the UFO community'

Dean has appeared many times on radio, TV documentaries and at conferences discussing the subject of UFOs and Extraterrestrial life.

Dean is also notable for having successfully sued his employer under anti-discrimination laws on the ground that they were treating him unfairly because of his belief in UFOs.

DNA Evidence Can Be Fabricated, Scientists Show - NYTimes.com

DNA Evidence Can Be Fabricated, Scientists Show - NYTimes.com

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"Slave Species of God" by Michael Tellinger

Michael Tellinger "ANCIENT ASTRONAUTS CREATED YOU"

[WeeklyUniverse.com] I don't deny a spiritual side to our existence, but for clarity's sake, let's stick to the physical part of our sudden appearance on Earth as a species some 180,000 to 250,000 years ago. I say "sudden" because we've not really undergone dramatic physical evolutionary changes since then.

Various ancient scripts as old as 5800 years record what sounds like genetic manipulation and cloning by advanced astronauts who settled on Earth and cloned Humankind as a slave species. We've now attained that same ability, yet some people doubt that advanced "humans" could have lived on other planets and done such things on Earth.

Yet consider
Panspermia. Life exists everywhere in the universe in the form of microscopic organisms, larvae, spores, seeds, bacteria, viruses, and forms yet unknown to us. These life forms are dispersed across the universe by asteroids, comets, and other space objects, eventually landing on planets where they sprout new life and evolve into high levels of intelligence. Then this new species enters space and explores other planets. What we're doing on Mars right now!

New Scientist recently reported on alien life forms that rained down in various parts of the world. In July 2001, about 50 tons of "red dust" fell in the rain over Kerala, India. In the red dust, scientists found microscopic alien life forms never before seen and without any DNA. In August 2000, sprats (small herring-like fish) fell onto the English port of Great Yarmouth. In June 1997, live tadpoles and toads fell in the rain over Mexico. The one way this could have happened is that a comet, carrying eggs or larvae or red dust frozen in its icy body, plummeted to Earth. The comet exploded in the upper atmosphere and its contents settled in the clouds -- until the next thunderstorm.

Many more, and lesser, advanced species than us must exist on other planets. As the more evolved universal species explore other planets, they'll do things with unexpected side effects – like creating a new species of lesser intelligence and allowing it to get out of control. That's what likely happened on Earth.

This contradicts evolutionary principles. Humans should have the most complex and evolved DNA of all species to have created Earth's highest civilization.

Even more curious is that the number of genes in a DNA strand increases from simple organisms to those more advanced. Humans should have the most genes, but strangely, this is not so. The chimp, our nearest genetic relative, has almost twice as many genes as do humans.

Here are some predictions for the total number of genes in species:

Fruit Fly ........... 21,000
Zebrafish ......... 50,000
Chicken ........... 76,000
Mouse ............. 81,000
Chimp ............. 130,000
Human ............ 68 000

Then there's the anomaly of chromosomes. Human DNA is broken into 23 pairs of chromosomes. By comparison, all apes have 24 pairs. One would expect that Homo Erectus, our immediate evolutionary precursor, would then also have had 24 chromosome pairs.

On April 6, 2005, Nature reported researchers at the National Human Genome Research Institute announced: "A detailed analysis of chromosomes 2 and 4 has detected the largest 'gene deserts' known in the human genome and uncovered more evidence that human chromosome 2 arose from the fusion of two ancestral ape chromosomes."

Chromosome 2 is our second largest chromosome. It makes no sense why two primordial chromosomes should have merged -- to make us human! -- if this new chromosome 2 offers no apparent survival advantage.

Sumerian tablets implying that humans were cloned as a sub-species between Homo Erectus and an advanced humanoid species arriving on Earth some 400,000 years ago suddenly make sense. These tablets describe how our maker removed parts from the "Tree of life" to limit the ability of the new "creature"; how the makers struggled to engineer a "primitive worker" that could understand commands but not be too smart to question their existence.

The Koran and Hindu Laws of Manu similarly suggest genetic cloning;

"Is man not aware that We created him from a little germ? ... We first created man from an essence of clay; then placed him a living germ in a secure enclosure. The germ we made a clot of blood, and the clot a lump of flesh. This we fashioned into bones, then clothed the bones with flesh…"
-- Koran

19. But from minute body particles of these seven very powerful Purushas springs this, the perishable from the imperishable.

20. Among them each succeeding acquires the quality of the preceding one, and whatever place each of them occupies, even so many qualities it is declared to possess.

-- Laws of Manu

Note that the Koran references the creator as "We." The cloning of humans as a primitive worker, or "lulu amelu," no longer seems so far fetched. The odd genetic anomalies do seem to support a genetic manipulation in our distant past. Modern day researchers go further, saying that this "fusion" of our chromosome 2 is what makes us human.

Are we nearing proof that humans were created by his Maker to be slaves for the early gold mines on Earth? It seems so.

Michael Tellinger elaborates on his theories in his book, Slave Species of God.
He can be contacted through his website.
Also read the Weekly Universe report: You Were Genetically Engineered by Aliens!