We May Have Found a Way to Cheat the Second Law of Thermodynamics

• Physicists created a new quantum theorem for entropy, and included is a possible exception.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics says that entropy in the universe must always increase. It's an immutable law of physics, and it's the reason you can't get free energy or perpetual motion machines. But a group of physicists may have found a way to break this law, at least in some specific circumstances.

The researchers, from Argonne National Laboratory, have developed a theoretical model where the Second Law is violated on a molecular level. Their results are published in the journal Science Direct.

The basic idea behind the discovery is the H-theorem, which says if you mix a hot thing and a cold thing, the mixture will end up somewhere in the middle. The H-theorem relies on a statistical interpretation of the way molecules move around. Because it's pretty much impossible to keep track of every single molecule, physicists just treat them as groups and use statistics to figure out how they'll behave.

The team from Argonne decided to look at the problem through the lens of quantum mechanics. They created a quantum H-theorem that is, at least theoretically, more accurate than the traditional theorem. Their new formula revealed that in some special cases, entropy might actually decrease, at least in the short term.

A few years before Boltzmann proposed his H-theorem, another physicist had an idea for a way to cheat the Second Law. James Clerk Maxwell proposed a hypothetical thought experiment: What if a small demon sat between the hot and cold things and controlled their mixing? The demon would only allow hot things to go one way and cold things to go another. Essentially, the demon could unmix the mixture.

It turns out that this doesn't actually violate the Second Law because the demon creates more entropy than it eliminates. Today, we use electricity to play this role, unmixing hot and cold things with our air conditioners and refrigerators. But the researchers' model suggests a quantum demon that could actually violate the Second Law.

This is all theoretical, of course. But if the theory pans out, quantum demons might someday power our air conditioners and refrigerators, saving you electricity and cheating the current laws of physics at the same time.

Source: Argonne National Laboratory via Futur

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Lockheed Martin: Compact Fusion Research & Development

Forget the Big Bang: The Universe 'froze' it's way into existence in a Big Chill, say physicists

• University of Melbourne suggest theory could 'revolutionise' our understanding of the universe
• Theory suggests the universe moved from a 'fluid' state to a fixed state of three spatial directions
• Investigating ice crystals could lead to understanding of 'cracks' in time and space

The traditional image of the birth of the universe suggests that all matter sparked into existence in a cataclysmic Big Bang more than 13 billion years ago.

But this model is now being challenged by a theory which suggests the universe froze its way into existence in what has been deemed a 'Big Chill'.

Theoretical physicists at the University of Melbourne said the best metaphor for the start of the universe should be considered as water freezing into ice.

In this theory, the three spatial dimensions and the one dimension of time 'froze' into place - and the physicists suggest we could learn about the 'cracks in time and space' by investigating the natural cracks in ice particles.

The Big Chill: Physicists from the University of Melbourne suggest we view the universe and the four known dimensions as 'freezing'  their way into existence

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Higgs boson discovery: now the real work begins

Proton-proton collisions as measured by the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (Cern) in its search for the Higgs boson particle. Photograph: Fabrice Coffrini/AFP/Getty Images

The search for the arcane, theoretical particle known as the Higgs boson has drawn on the world's largest scientific instruments and occupied thousands of researchers over more than two decades. The discovery – or probable discovery – at Cern, the particle physics lab near Geneva, will go down as a triumph of science, engineering and collective hard graft. Now the real work begins.

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APNewsBreak: Evidence of 'God Particle' Found

Physicists say they have all but proven that the "God particle" exists. They have a footprint and a shadow, and the only thing left is to see for themselves the elusive subatomic particle believed to give all matter in the universe size and shape.

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Through The Wormhole: Are There Parallel Universes?

Since the ancient Greeks first speculated that everything they observed in reality was the result of the interaction of tiny particles they called atoms, great thinkers have tried to find a single mathematical formula that governs and explains the workings of the entire universe.

So far, though, even minds as brilliant as physicists Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking have been unable to come up with that single grand equation of everything, also known as the theory of everything, or the final theory. Nevertheless, they continue to try, because without that final piece of the puzzle that is reality, the sum total of what we know falls a bit short of making sense.

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Italian scientist claims he has achieved 'cold fusion' - the only problem is that most physicists think it is impossible

• Andrea Rossi says he can fuse nickel and hydrogen at room temperature creating almost unlimited energy
• 
  
• Many scientists simply claim it defies the very laws of physics and cannot be true

True or false? Andrea Rossi, pictured, says he has built a machine achieving 'cold fusion' but scientists question if it is possible

An Italian physicist claims he has managed to achieve 'cold fusion' - a procedure that could solve the world's energy crisis by creating huge amounts of safe nuclear energy without dangerous radiation.

Andrea Rossi says his new machine fuses nickel and hydrogen at room temperature creating almost unlimited energy.

But there is one problem - many scientists claim it defies the very laws of physics. Several high-profile demonstrations of 'cold fusion' have been proven to be hoaxes in the past - and no one can adequately explain how or why it might work.

The United States Department of Energy the U.S. Patent Office say the process is impossible because physics rules out the possibility of room-temperature nuclear fusion.

But Rossi's E-Cat machine can allegedly do it, and he says he proved it worked during tests at the University of Bologna last month.

'With low energy, it's possible to give a heater a certain amount of energy and to get from the same heater a superior amount of energy,' he said.

'The heat is initiated by electrical resistance. The reactors then produce another 479kWh of energy for another three to four hours without needing that initial electrical input -- the low-level nuclear reaction continues on its own.

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Why is the universe just right for us?

IT HAS been called the Goldilocks paradox. If the strong nuclear force which glues atomic nuclei together were only a few per cent stronger than it is, stars like the sun would exhaust their hydrogen fuel in less than a second. Our sun would have exploded long ago and there would be no life on Earth. If the weak nuclear force were a few per cent weaker, the heavy elements that make up most of our world wouldn't be here, and neither would you.

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The Hyperdimensional Election of Barack Obama and 2012

Based on Hyperdimensional Physics, Hoagland successfully predicted the historic results of this election almost two years ago! In this production, based on further application of this HD Model, Hoagland now presents never-before-seen clues to what America and the world may expect from this incoming, unique "Hyperdimensional Obama Administration" -- including, what Barack Obama may finally do with NASA's decades of classified data on intelligent artifacts discovered on the Moon and Mars, as well as what could be in store for all of us at the end of Obama's first term ... in "2012."

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Scientists build the world's first anti-laser

 

Traditional lasers rely on gain mediums to produce beams of coherent light
 

Physicists have built the world's first device that can cancel out a laser beam - a so-called anti-laser.

The device, created by a team from Yale University, is capable of absorbing an incoming laser beam entirely.
But this is not intended as a defence against high-power laser weapons, the researchers said.
Instead they think it could be used in next-generation supercomputers which will be built with components that use light rather than electrons.
Professor Douglas Stone and colleagues at Yale University had initially been developing a theory to explain which materials could be used as the basis of lasers.
Strange lasers Recent advances in laser design have resulted in a number of unusual devices that do not fit the traditional concept of a laser, Professor Stone explained.
"So we were working on a theory that could predict what could be used to form a laser," he said.
That theory also predicted that instead of amplifying light into coherent pulses, as a laser does, it should be possible to create a device that absorbs laser light hitting it, said Professor Stone - an anti-laser.
They have now succeeded in building one.

What is a laser?

• A laser is a device that can produce a beam of coherent light
• The beam is produced using a quantum effect, whereby electrons can be made to emit light
• That is achieved by stimulating electrons inside a gain medium, typically using an electric current
• Resonators are used to amplify the light produced to form the intense beam

Their device focuses two lasers beams of a specific frequency into a specially designed optical cavity made from silicon, which traps the incoming beams of light and forces them to bounce around until all their energy is dissipated.

In a paper published in the journal Science they demonstrated that the anti-laser could adsorb 99.4 per cent of incoming light, for a specific wavelength.
Light speed Altering the wavelength of the incoming light means that the anti-laser can effectively be turned on and off - and that could be used in optical switches, Professor Stone told BBC News.

 

The anti-laser could turn out to be more useful in computing than weapon defence

 

Building something which can absorb light over a wide range of wavelengths is pretty simple, said Professor Stone, but only doing so for a particular wavelength makes the anti-laser potentially useful in optical computing.
The anti-laser's big advantage is that it is built using silicon, which is already widely used in computing.
It would not, however, be much use as a laser shield, according to Professor Stone.
"The energy gets dissipated as heat. So if someone sets a laser on you with enough power to fry you, the anti-laser won't stop you from frying," he said.
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Brian Greene: The universe on a string

Brian Greene Professor Mathematics & Physics Columbia University Theoretical Physics - String Theory & Quantum Gravity URL: http://www.iscap.columbia.edu

Biography EDUCATION: Ph.D. 1987 Oxford University RESEARCH: My area of research is superstring theory, a theory that purports to give us a quantum theory of gravity as well as a unified theory of all forces and all matter. As such, superstring theory has the potential to realize Einstein's long sought dream of a single, all encompassing, theory of the universe. One of the strangest features of superstring theory is that it requires the universe to have more than three spatial dimensions. Much of my research has focused on the physical implications and mathematical properties of these extra dimensions --- studies that collectively go under the heading "quantum geometry". Quantum geometry differs in substantial ways from the classical geometry underlying general relativity. For instance, topology change (the "tearing" of space) is a sensible feature of quantum geometry even though, from a classical perspective, it involves singularities. As another example, two different classical spacetime geometries can give rise to identical physical implications, again at odds with conclusions based on classical general relativity. Superstring theory is most relevant under extreme physical conditions such as those that existed at the time of the big bang. Recently, we have formed a new institute at Columbia called ISCAP (Institute for Strings, Cosmology, and Astroparticle Physics) dedicated to understanding the interface of superstring theory and cosmology. One primary focus of ISCAP is the search for subtle signatures of string theory that may be imprinted in the precision cosmological data that will be collected through a variety of experiments over the next decade. SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: for a more complete listing of publications see SPIRES. Some selected publications are: "Universal Correction to the Inflationary Vacuum", B. R. Greene, M. Parikh, and J.P. van der Schaar, {To Appear.}  "An Effect of alpha' corrections on Racetrack Inflation", B. R. Greene and A. Weltman { JHEP 0603 (2006) 035.}  "Extracting New Physics from the CMB", B. R. Greene, K. Schalm, G. Shiu, J.P. van der Schaar, {Proceedings XXIII Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics.}  "Decoupling in an expanding Universe: Backreaction barely Constrains short distance effects on the CMB '', B. R. Greene, K. Schalm, G. Shiu, J.P. van der Schaar, { JCAP 0502 (2005) 001.}  "String Windings in the Early Universe", R. Easther, B. R. Greene, M. Jackson, D. Kabat, {JCAP 0502 (2005) 009.}  "Brane Gases in the Early Universe: Thermodynaics and Cosmology", R. Easther, B. R. Greene, M. Jackson, D. Kabat, {JCAP 0401 (2004) 006.}  "Brane Gas Cosmology in  M-Theory: Late Time Behavior", R. Easther, B. R. Greene, M. Jackson, D. Kabat, {Phys. Rev. D67 (2003) 123501.}  "On the Hagedorn Behaviour of PP-wave Strings and N=4 SYM Theory at Finite R-Charge Density", B. R Greene, K. Schalm, G. Shiu, {Nucl.Phys. B652 (2003) 105.} "A Generic Estimate of Trans-Planckian Modifications to the Primordial Power Spectrum in Inflation", R. Easther, B. Greene, W. Kinney, G. Shiu, Phys. Rev. D66 (2002) 023518. "Inflation as a Probe of Short Distance Physics", R. Easther, B. Greene, W. Kinney, G. Shiu, Phys. Rev. D64 (2001) 103502. "D-Brane Topology Changing Transitions", Brian R. Greene, Nucl. Phys. B525 (1998) 284-296. "Orbifold Resolution by D-Branes", Michael R. Douglas, Brian R. Greene, David R. Morrison, Nucl.Phys. B506 (1997) 84-106. "Black Hole Condensation and the Unification of String Vacua", Brian R. Greene, David R. Morrison, Andrew Strominger, Nucl.Phys. B451 (1995) 109-120. "Calabi-Yau Moduli Space, Mirror Manifolds and Spacetime Topology Change in String Theory", P.S. Aspinwall, B.R. Greene, D.R. Morrison, Nucl.Phys. B416 (1994) 414-480 "Duality in Calabi-Yau Moduli Space", B.R.Greene and M.R.Plesser, Nucl. Phys. B338 (1990) 15.

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Coast to Coast: Dr. Michio Kaku (Feb. 2011)

Dr. Michio Kaku is a theoretical physicist, best-selling author, and popularizer of science. He’s the co-founder of string field theory (a branch of string theory), and continues Einstein’s search to unite the four fundamental forces of nature into one unified theory.

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The Missing Secrets Of Nikola Tesla

Nikola Tesla (10 July 1856 7 January 1943) was an inventor and a mechanical and electrical engineer. He is frequently cited as one of the most important contributors to the birth of commercial electricity and is best known for his many revolutionary developments in the field of electromagnetism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Tesla's patents and theoretical work formed the basis of modern alternating current (AC) electric power systems, including the polyphase system of electrical distribution and the AC motor, with which he helped usher in the Second Industrial Revolution.


Born an ethnic Serb in the village of Smiljan, Croatian Military Frontier, in the territory of today's Croatia, he was a subject of the Austrian Empire by birth and later became an American citizen.[2] After his demonstration of wireless communication through radio in 1894 and after being the victor in the "War of Currents", he was widely respected as one of the greatest electrical engineers who worked in America.[3] Much of his early work pioneered modern electrical engineering and many of his discoveries were of groundbreaking importance. During this period, in the United States, Tesla's fame rivaled that of any other inventor or scientist in history or popular culture,[4] but due to his eccentric personality and his seemingly unbelievable and sometimes bizarre claims about possible scientific and technological developments, Tesla was ultimately ostracized and regarded as a mad scientist.[5][6] Tesla never put much focus on his finances. It is said he died impoverished, at the age of 86.
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The Secret Life of Chaos, with Prof. Jim Al-Khalili

THE SECRET LiFE OF CHAOS (2010) Chaos theory has a bad name, conjuring up images of unpredictable weather, economic crashes and science gone wrong. But there is a fascinating and hidden side to Chaos, one that scientists are only now beginning to understand. It turns out that chaos theory answers a question that mankind has asked for millennia how did we get here? In this documentary, Professor Jim Al-Khalili sets out to uncover one of the great mysteries of science how does a universe that starts off as dust end up with intelligent life? How does order emerge from disorder? Its a mindbending, counterintuitive and for many people a deeply troubling idea. But Professor Al-Khalili reveals the science behind much of beauty and structure in the natural world and discovers that far from it being magic or an act of God, it is in fact an intrinsic part of the laws of physics. Amazingly, it turns out that the mathematics of chaos can explain how and why the universe creates exquisite order and pattern. And the best thing is that one doesnt need to be a scientist to understand it. The natural world is full of awe-inspiring examples of the way nature transforms simplicity into complexity. From trees to clouds to humans after watching this film youll never be able to look at the world in the same way again. Find out more about the secret life of chaos
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The Quest for Free Energy:Machine to Die For

‘Machine to Die For’ is about the search for ‘perpetual motion’ and ‘free energy’. Conventional science claims this is impossible.

Yet generations of inventors have been mesmerized by the promise of an engine that powers itself. The world’s reliance on diminishing fossil fuel resources and the associated problems of pollution serve to spur them on. A Machine to Die For showcases a number of dedicated, sometimes eccentric, and always obsessive individuals who have devoted their lives to this quest.

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Reverse Combustion: Can CO2 Be Turned Back into Fuel?

Various efforts are underway to find a cheap, efficient and scalable way to recycle the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide back into the hydrocarbons that fuel civilization

 

 

SOLAR FUELS: Using this giant dish made of mirrors, Sandia scientists concentrate sunlight on a specially designed solar fuel generator that can break down CO2 and water. Image: Photo by Randy Montoya / Sandia National Laboratories

 

In the 1990s a graduate student named Lin Chao at Princeton University decided to bubble carbon dioxide into an electrochemical cell. Using cathodes made from the element palladium and a catalyst known as pyridinium—a garden variety organic chemical that is a by-product of oil refining—he discovered that applying an electric current would assemble methanol from the CO2. He published his findings in 1994—and no one cared.
But by 2003, Chao's successor in the Princeton lab of chemist Andrew Bocarsly was deeply interested in finding a solution to the growing problem of the CO2 pollution causing global climate change. Graduate student Emily Barton picked up where he left off and, using an electrochemical cell that employs a semiconducting material used in photovoltaic solar cells for one of its electrodes, succeeded in tapping sunlight to transform CO2 into the basic fuel.
"The dominant thinking 10 years ago was that we should bury the CO2. But if you could efficiently convert it into something that we wouldn't have to spend all that money and energy to put into the ground, sort of recycle it, that would be better," Bocarsly says. "We take CO2, water, sunlight and an appropriate catalyst and generate an alcoholic fuel."
He adds: "We didn't have some brilliant insight here. We had some luck." Luck that venture capitalists are now trying to turn into cash flow via a start-up known as Liquid Light.
Turning CO2 into fuels is exactly what photosynthetic organisms have been doing for billions of years, although their fuels tend to be foods, like sugars. Now humans are trying to store the energy in sunlight by making a liquid fuel from CO2 and hydrogen—a prospect that could recycle CO2 emissions and slow down the rapid buildup of such greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. "You take electricity and combine CO2 with hydrogen to make gasoline," explained Arun Majumdar, director of the Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy (ARPA–e) that is pursuing such technology, at a conference in March. "This is like killing four birds with one stone"—namely, energy security, climate change, the federal deficit and, potentially, unemployment.
"When these new technologies get commercialized, those jobs always end up in the U.S.," argues chemical engineer Alan Weimer of the University of Colorado at Boulder, who is working on such solar-fuel generators. Adds chemist Michael Berman of the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, which is funding research into the possibilities of solar fuels, including Bocarsly's work: "The country, and the Air Force, need secure and sustainable sources of energy…. Since the sun provides enough energy for our needs, our goal is to make a fuel using CO2 and sunlight—and maybe water—as feedstocks to produce the chemical fuel that can store the sun's energy in a form that we can use where and when we need."


Editor's Note (9/24/10): This broadcast stated incorrectly that it takes 18 kilowatts to separate hydrogen and oxygen in one gallon of water. The correct term is kilowatt hours, a unit of energy. It also incorrectly stated hydrogen and oxygen molecules, rather than atoms, comprise water.
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Project Pegasus: A Conversation with Andrew D. Basiago

A Conversation with Andrew D. Basiago about the Hidden History of His Discovery of Life on Mars In this fascinating, four-hour interview, American lawyer Andrew D. Basiago, 47, narrates the hidden history of his discovery of life on Mars in 2008 and reveals the fact that by 1968 the US intelligence community was already aware of aspects of his later Mars work. Andy relates his experiences in DARPAs Project Pegasus during the period 1969 to 1972, and describes probes to past and future events that he took via teleportation and chronovision during the early days of time-space exploration by the US government. He confirms that the United States has been teleporting individuals to Mars for decades, and recounts the awe-inspiring and terrifying trips that he took to Mars in 1981 after he was tapped to go there because he had teleported as a child participant in Project Pegasus. I first met Andy in July 2009 at ECETIs Science, Spirit and World Transformation Conference near Mt. Adams, Washington, where we were both featured speakers. During his lecture, Andy shared numerous photographic images evidencing his discovery of life on Mars, including many photos of humanoid beings, different animal species, carved statues and built structures on Mars that put him at the forefront of Mars research. Throughout the weekend, Andy lectured at his table to small groups of conference-goers, who came and sat in rapt attention as he shared stories about his experiences as a child in Project Pegasus, the secret US research program in which time travel was the focus. I know that, like me, everybody who took part in those impromptu seminars was certain that Andy is, as Bill Ryan of Project Camelot stated recently, the real deal  a truth-teller with significant new information to share about the real Philadelphia Experiment. In this interview, Andy tells the phenomenal story of seven briefings over 40 years in which he was shown evidence of his destiny involving the discovery of life on Mars, and explains how the emergence of time travel and this epochal future event were interlinked. According to Andy, by 1968, the CIA was already teleporting individuals to the past and future to retrieve artifacts there and bring them back while propagating holograms of past and future events with devices called chronovisors to also gather intelligence. Incredibly, as a result of this quantum access, in 1971 Andy was given a copy of his landmark paper The Discovery of Life on Mars and asked to read and remember it, so that when he wrote it, in 2008, it would contain as much data about Mars as possible! A book and film about Andys experiences in Project Pegasus are in development and he will soon be featured by Project Camelot. This must hear interview is an introduction to a major figure in the Disclosure Movement and an emerging 21st century visionary, who is fighting the good fight to bring his important story to light.

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Quantum time machine 'allows paradox-free time travel'

Quantum physicists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology believe
it is possible to create a time machine which could affect the past without
creating a "grandfather paradox".

How the quantum time machine may look. Or, possibly, a still from Back to the Future.
Photo: UNIVERSAL STUDIOS

 

Scientists have for some years been able to 'teleport' quantum states from one place to another. Now Seth Lloyd and his MIT team say that, using the same principles and a further strange quantum effect known as 'postselection', it should be possible to do the same backwards in time. Lloyd told the Technology Review: "It is possible for particles (and, in principle, people) to tunnel from the future to the past."

Postselection is a vital part of the nascent science of quantum computing. In traditional computing, if a user needs to determine which set of variables in an equation leads to the answer being true, the computer must try every combination until it hits upon one that works. In quantum computing, due to the weird parallel behaviour of subatomic particles, it seems to be possible to simplify the procedure by running all possible variations simultaneously, and selecting only the combinations that make the answer true.

Professor Lloyd and his team say that, by combining teleportation and postselection, it would be possible to carry out the quantum teleportation effect in reverse; that is, to decide after the teleportation what the quantum state must have been before it. This works as postselection allows you to dictate which quantum states can be teleported, limiting what state it can have been in before the teleportation. The state of the particle post-teleportation has therefore, in effect, travelled back in time.

Dr Richard Low, a quantum computing scientist from the University of Bristol, says: "You could think of it as postselection affecting the history of the particle, sending the state back in time."
Unlike previous theories of teleportation, this apparently avoids the "grandfather paradox" - or, to Back to the Future fans, the Marty McFly problem. If you go back and change time, and accidentally end up killing your own grandparent, you create a paradox - you will not be born, so you cannot go back and affect time. Even with subatomic particles, this is still a problem: upon travelling back in time, the particle could somehow destroy its earlier self or move it, thus preventing it from travelling.

However, because of the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics, Prof Lloyd's method seems to avoid this. Anything caused by the time travel must have had a finite probability of happening anyway, so paradoxical impossibilities are out.
Further, this time travel method does not involve bending spacetime, unlike other proposed systems. At the moment, the only conditions known that would bend spacetime sufficiently exist in black holes, which would be impractical at best.

It is a controversial theory, to say the least. Some physicists claim that the apparently impossible things implied by postselection prove that it cannot work, which would destroy Prof Lloyd's theory before it got off the ground.
The theory is unlikely to lead to DeLorean time machines or anything remotely similar. Instead, Prof Lloyd and his team hope that it can advance our understanding of physics: "Our hope is that this theory may prove useful in formulating a quantum theory of gravity," he says.

Prof Lloyd's paper, The quantum mechanics of time travel through post-selected teleportation, is published in arxiv.org - Quantum Physics.

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Through The Wormhole with Morgan Freeman:Beyond The Darkness

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Are we alone? Where did we come from? Is there life on other planets? From the latest work at NASA and private enterprise facilities to the latest theories from futurists and physicists, this series looks at black holes, colonizing the planets, string theory and more. Science Channel invites viewers on the journey as Morgan Freeman picks up where Carl Sagan's "Cosmos" left off and explores the new frontiers of what is beyond earth.

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Quantum Communication

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This information is absolutely spot on. Everybody needs to hear this, so please share to everyone you think would be interested. Absolutely proves we have chi running through us, and that everybody has psychic abilities. If you want to learn more about how to develop these, check out the website http://www.discoverchipower.com

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